Saturday, June 30, 2007
Car Bombs in London-UK feeling the heat
Thursday, June 28, 2007
Richard Boucher’s interview with a Norwegian newspaper
Boucher represented USA. While Japan, EU, and Norway, the other members of the Co-Chairs, also participated in meeting.
I find the interview quite interesting, not because Boucher was plain and up to the point about the LTTE but also hinted or at least expressed on the type of ‘solution’ the Co-Chairs vis a vis International Community wants to see, parties to the conflict accept.
With regards to the LTTE, he had stated that the US governments banning of the LTTE was based on the fact that it was crucial in terms of finding a solution. And went on the state “We have to be honest. The organization has killed leading members of parliament and public officials; they have killed the Indian Prime Minister. They have been engaged in terrorism until to this day. This the nature of a terrorist organization” needless to say, at least it’s good to know that US understands the true nature of the LTTE.
Unlike some of the other members of the Co Chairs, particularly Norway who constantly attempt to whitewash the terrorist actions of the LTTE, US made it clear about LTTE’s use of violence as means to justify its cause.
Furthermore, Boucher refused to compare the Human Rights violations of the Government with LTTE terror, claiming that the Sri Lankan Government is leading a democratic country. This is quite right, hats off to Mr.Boucher for that. But the notable fact is that the Norwegian papers attempt to compare LTTE terror to HR violations is a highly significant point. It gives out the viewpoint of the Norwegian Press over the LTTE and, again its use of terror to justify its claims.
Boucher went on to say that the Government should ‘dissolve’ Karuna group as its involved in Child recruitment and went on to state that “They have been involved in too many unacceptable actions”. However, in terms of the LTTE , Boucher acknowledged the fact that LTTE also recruits child soldiers but stopped short of saying “In order to get the Tigers to abandon the use of child soldiers there must be pressure from the international community “ So in Boucher view what are the ‘unacceptable’ actions that are executed by Karuna Group ? And why is that the LTTE is to get pressure from International Community over child soldiers, while the Karuna group has to dissolve? This need to be answered by the International Community I guess before we proceed beyond this point, as there should be no double standards of each different group or stakeholders.
But what’s more interesting is that while explaining the International Communities current approach to the situation, he mentions that the diplomats will use both whip and carrot in order to get the parties in the civil war back to the negotiation table. He cited economic consequences as the ultimate penalty to be paid by the Sri Lankan government, if it elects to continue war.
While commending the International Communities efforts so far to both screw up and to settle the conflict in Sri Lanka , I have to ask how on earth did they decided on this policy. Is it that they decided to use it because this is the best option so far, open to them or just that they see us as easy pray to yield to their consuming pressure? I don’t think this is the approach they used in Afghanistan, with its dealings with the Afghan government or Pakistan, over its issues in Human Rights and eroding Democracy or government of Israel.
As for the penalty, the sad truth is that not only it’s a hard hitting reality but also due to our prolonged reliance on foreign aid and investment we are but bounded by it.
Then the ‘final solution’ bombshell, where He stated “The USA shares the view of other countries involved in the peace process and a final solution must contain a one state solution where the Tamils are given broad control over their own matters. The problem is to get the parties to accept such a solution”.
So, if that’s the case, I’m I to understand that already US and rest of the Co-Chairs have found a solution to this question? What’s a ‘one state solution”? I guess these are some of the questions the Sri Lanka public should ask from the Co-Chairs, if not we might finally get ended up with imposed ‘solution’ with the kind courtesy of the Co-Chairs.
Tuesday, June 26, 2007
Abductions –an after thought
Reading few websites, including Tamilnet and few Pro Peace (LTTE Peace) NGO/ NGO Ltds' I get the impression that most of the people who are living in Colombo or at least majority of the Tamils get abducted now days. So, if that's the case, then all most all the white colored vans I see on the road everyday must be either transporting abductees or transiting towards an abduction point.
Some times I'm made to feel as of these metaphorical 'white vans' are a alternative and covert means to curb the shortcomings with public transport, introduced by ,well at least in the eyes of the 'Peace' NGOs .,the Government and some cases 'Para militarise'.
Either way there are many ways to define Abductions, for example in the West , including NATO +PfP countries use the term Rendition instead of Abductions, while in the US its known as Extraordinary Renditions.
whereas is Sri Lanka , white vans are associated with Abductions, Renditions are associated with Executive Jets and Cargo Planes flying to hitherto unknown air fields in eastern Europe, and Middle East , stopping over in major NATO/US bases in Mediterranean and Central Asia.
Then there are other forms of abductions, such as in Central and South America, where abductions are also known as kidnapping and are a thriving local industry itself. There are related services provided by major Western companies and institutions in order to prevent kidnapping in Americas in the form of risk assessments /hostage negotiation etc.
Some people believe in more unearthly forms of abductions and this is known as 'Alien' abductions. X-files are well known for this.
When abductions take place in Europe and US (or renditions as know in that region), they are a necessity. they involve one or many western states , mostly NATO members like Norway , UK and Germany etc. when that happens , people get abducted and bungled in jets and flown to Middle East or North Africa, to places where better known for torture then tourism. They end up later by a busy street in a third country they are wanted or under persecution and of course, a county with a high quality Human Rights abuse record.
When Abductions happen in Sri Lanka, they are a gross violation of Human Rights, a major draw back for Democracy and Fundamental Rights. that's the view of the 'International Community' mainly consisting Western Countries with a interest in Sri Lanka , such as US,UK, Germany ,Norway etc. that view receives a instant seal of approval provided by the so called 'civil society' of Sri Lanka ,consisting a motley collection of Colombo based NGOs. Also since such acts are committed by the Government according to NGO sector and furthermore they will say the government is behind every missing person, however genuine or not the claims are.
When the LTTE abducts children to expand its cadre, that's called a forced recruitment and warrants no reaction from neither the international community nor the civil society and in turn the LTTE is served with a muted press communiqué.
Considering above, one can say there is a stark difference between how abductions are perceived in Society, and moreover, it depends of the different powers involved and also depends of biases and sympathies.
Anyway with regards to abductions in the Sri Lankan context, one has to be more rational and practical. This phenomenon of abductions should not be interpreted not treated with western norms but must be looked through a Sri Lanka angle.
Abductions are a integral part of the Sri Lankan psyche, and this has been practiced for a long time. When considering the actual history of abductions, it spans a few millennia and the oldest recorded incidence of abduction is recorded during the ancient Lankapura times, when king Ravana of Sri Lanka abducted the wife of Rama , princess Seetha of India.
This was not a snatching of a woman, as its portrayed in some western text. Had that been the case there will be a different type 'Ramayana' today, as the Ramayana discusses in length the character of Seetha before and after the abduction and her subsequent rescue. So, it was a abduction, of Political in nature. Is a nutshell the first recorded abduction in Sri Lanka involves a woman but is centered around a political issue. The fight to save Seetha is seen as a war between good and the bad, it self reflects the opposing ideology representing the two warring parties.
Then there are more historical evidence, including Pandukabhaya abducting his mother etc.
Therefore, abductions in Sri Lanka should be taken in a more cultural sensitive aspect. This is a expression of culture and a manifestation of our hidden identity as island dwellers of Sri Lanka and not a pseudo western practice of rendition.
This is why both the government and TNA is silent on the 'growing' spectra of abductions as they both get their interests served, as the government go on thinking with abductions , the Security Forces are getting rid of the LTTE sympathizers ,while LTTE is clogging time with more the suffering of the Tamil people , more the support to their cause increase.
Monday, June 25, 2007
Sri Lanka and 'Failed State' Mantra
Week since the launch of the "Failed States 2007" report by Foreign Policy magazine, we are hearing more and more of the 'failed state' mantra being chanted by the so called Civil Society.
Foreign Policy journal has been compiling this report for some time now and they based /ranked States on different indicators. The report is some what extensive but doesn't give out much about the back ground and also about the factors that change status of the states in the report.
Also, reading the report I get the impression that most of these factors /indicators are more towards the western way of thinking, and attempting to interpret life the western way but in reality the report should be based on more realistic terms and factors.
Report mentions freedom of worship as a significant indicator of stability. Furthermore, it states that vulnerable states display significant amount of religious intolerance. They go on to say that religious repression is a thinly veiled attempt to muzzle civil society of the said countries.
I don't know much about the ground situation in Sudan who is topping the list nor Yemen who is just a notch above us or Republic of Congo, a notch below us but one thing I know is that there are four main religions in Sri Lanka and they all co-exist. If anyone, doubt for a fraction of a second that there is persecution based on religious beliefs in Sri Lanka, please visit the local township nearby or visit four most significant religious places of each major religion in Sri Lanka, and you'll find may be a Temple, Kovil, Mosque or may be a Church close by not more than 1Km away, with a healthy congregation.
So are we really failed states as much as they say?
Are we like Yemen or Congo?
I think not. However, I do accept the fact that there is a question when it comes to the level of rule of law, transparency and accountability that exist currently in Sri Lanka. But that doesn't definitely amount to be ranked and places below Liberia or Congo.
What's next for the Failed States? Pass resolution in the UN Security Council against such stats and send in US troops to remove the failed government and establish a new democratic and all love, happiness and strawberries type government, like the one in Iraq?
I guess the NGO pundits will add the 'Failed State' tag into their list of reasons (War, Abductions, killings, human rights violations, and evictions) why we need to discuss 'peace' with LTTE, or yield to pressure from Norway or organisations like AI or even Federalism as a solution to a so called Failed State.
May be its time we simply forget this "Failed States 2007" report and get on with exploring and executing realistic ways and means to restore Rule of Law in the country and enforce Accountability and Transparency within Governance.
Saturday, June 23, 2007
Duminda Silva released-again
Friday, June 22, 2007
Armed Hovercraft for sale -Rs. 250 million
The Sri Lanka Navy has called tenders to sell its only Hovercraft - Landing Craft Air Cushion (LCAC) that has never seen any action nor being used for any security related operation during its illustrious career.
This UK built LCAC was purchased by then commander of the Navy , Admiral.Daya Sandhagiri for a exuberant price , with of course kick backs provided/received for use in amphibious attacks, mainly to land Special Forces and spearhead troops in the shallow waters of the North.
The medium-lift M10, is capable of carrying 50 troops or two jeeps ,and is equipped with a forward ramp for easy access and landing and is armed with a 20mm cannon.
When the Sri-Lanka Navy acquired this Hovercraft ,they were told that it could achieve a speed of 50 knots with a full load of 10 tons and a range of 600 km for logistical use.however, during sea trails in both UK and later in Sri Lanka, it was revealed that it could only sustain speeds up to 35 knots and the payload capability restricted the range.
This Hovercraft was once hired out by the Navy for the launch of the Porche Cayenne , the SUV of Porche in 1998 and earned some money for the Navy. apart from that , it was never used for any other purpose , either military nor commercial, other than the yearly photo op , for the Navy calender and publications.
In 2005, then newly elected Rajapaksha administration wanted it to take part in the show of sea power on Independence day and it almost made to the last rehearsal before being withdrawn with engine failure.
Aftermath of the 2004 Tsunami when the Navy found itself deploying all sea worthy assets for relief and recovery, the LCAC failed the Navy another time...,
All in all the SLN Hovercraft excelled well in qualifying it self as a 'white elephant' ,however, with intense pressure brought in by Admiral.Daya Sandhagiri, it was purchased using public money and was rendered useless afterwards.
Sandagiris actions are well documented , not only with regards to the purchase of the Hovercraft ( which is a minor issue) but with many other purchases and in general the mis-management of the Navy during his time as the Commander and later as all powerful CDS.
Apart from 'Soosai' of the LTTE Sea Tigers, Daya Sandagiri ranks No.2 in the list of people who were responsible for destroying the Sri Lanka Navy. at least Mahinda Rajapaksha administration did some good by getting rid of him, but that should not be the end to this sad story.
In my opinion Daya Sandhagiri should be tried for high treason and be shot at dawn ..may be in Trincomalee.pay back for all the sons of this country who perished at sea fighting in the name of Sri Lanka.
Wednesday, June 20, 2007
Tamilnet banned in Sri Lanka
Tuesday, June 19, 2007
Al-Jazeera TV footage of the Thoppigala offensive
interestingly, there is a scene where they film a bunker built by the LTTE using sacks of rice, donated by 'Humanitarian' agencies. watching this clip makes me think... the whole mask of so called Humanitarian agencies are exposed ..they have no concern for plight of the civilians caught in the war, instead they just use the misery as means to widen their own spear of influence.
Monday, June 18, 2007
Falklands War and UK offer to mediate peace in Sri Lanka
10,000 veterans of the Falklands war congregated to commemorate 25 years since the end of war in the South Atlantic islands of Falklands ,also known as Malvinas to the Argentinians.
An air-show featuring aircraft's that played a role in the conflict followed a moving ceremony of speeches and music that was attended by Prince Charles and former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.
The war came to an end on 14 June 1982, two and half months after the UK territory was invaded by Argentina. Some 255 British servicemen, more than 650 Argentines were killed in the 74-day conflict.
On the eve of the celebration, outgoing UK PM Mr.Tony Blair offered to mediate between the GoSL and the LTTE in a bid to kick start the currently dormant peace process. although UK has played an active part in the governments search for peace and the International Communities support for such a search, UK by far has done nothing to stop the LTTEs murderous campaign of terror , both on its own people and the rest of the people of Sri Lanka.furthermore , Tamil terrorist supporters and agents in UK continues to play a major role in financing , coordinating and controlling the LTTEs rain of terror.
While UK celebrates a war they waged to wrestle power back to them of a colony of its own in South America , they preach us about peaceful dialogue and need to find peaceful means to end conflicts. I'm not a expert on Falklands war but I'm sure Mrs.Thacher ,then PM of UK didn't send a party of Politicians and Dilpomants to Bounos Aires to have peace talks ,or requested the UN to intervene , instead she dispatched a massive flotilla of ships and bombers to hit hard and wage war and wrestle back the control of Falklands.
After 25 years of that war , UK still hasn't admitted their inclination to war and not apologised to the families of the Argentinians killed during the war. for the UK government , Argentinian dead were combatants and the road to war was the only choice they had. be it may be , but when third world governments, particularly Countries that fall under the UKs spare of influence face threats Domestic and International ,they tend to turn around and play the role of 'Peace maker', the great believer in dialogue and discussion.
Was this the case for Falklands? why the Foreign Office and the Parliament of UK didn't request PM Thacher to sit down with the Argentinians , instead of bombing them ?
it all depends on who is fighting whom, if you're a big power, or a NATO member , or part of the G8 then you're exempted, if your nobody , like Sri Lanka today, then we have no option but to discuss peace and search for 'Peaceful Solutions to War" .there is no Peaceful solution to War , nor there is a space for discussion with people who practice terrorism as a means to justify their political demands.
The West, the so called IC understand that dictum very well , but in their zero sum/cost-benefit game they tend to tell us otherwise. so enter Mr.Blair. the Peace Maker in making... i wonder what will happen to Mr.Erik Soilham then... will he join the LTTE international Secretariat and continue to play the role of Antone Balasingham in proxy ?
Saturday, June 16, 2007
President in Geneva-Big Talk and lots of noice but did the IC hear it right?
New SG for SCOPP
Professor Wijesinghe was a senior member of the Liberal party and till recently was its leader.
apart from his functions as a lecturer at Sabaragamuwa Uni., he was also a active member of the Board of Directors at the BCIS in Colombo.
Wednesday, June 13, 2007
Tinker of Colombo on ADSL
Tuesday, June 12, 2007
Hambantota Air Port
Monday, June 11, 2007
Massakar of Policemen in Eastern Province 11 June 1996
Tamil Terrorist unleashed a killing inferno, massacring hundreds of Sinhala, Muslim and Tamil Police men and Women in the Districts of Trincomalee, Batticoloa and Ampara in the countries East.
Premadasa government in a break neck attempt to save the Cease Fire and the Peace with the LTTE went ahead and requested the Police to surrender , even though Military and Defence establishment in Colombo were certain of LTTEs resumption of war. end result was more than 600 Police personnel getting brutally killed by the LTTE.
Governments view of hoping the surrender would trigger a change of mind in the side of the LTTE hierarchy tragicly shattered when the LTTE went into a blood bath.
11 years on today, the LTTE has enterd and broken 4 Peace accord and a number of Cease Fires. its rain of terror and thurst for blood has never ceased to stop.LTTEs utter disrespect of laws of war , laws governing combatants and rules of engagment are very much evident.
even the SLMM has to agree on that , even the TNA will ,even with LTTEs cold steel behind their backs will agree.
when will the so called International Community realise the true face of the LTTE?
Unethical hiring practices by NGOs in Sri Lanka
Not only hiring of staff members, but firing and pay scales of NGOs are very much a subject of interest to many but one thing that's not highlighted is that these activities are not governed by any law of the country nor there is a mechanism to monitor any malpractices.
There is a vast disparity in terms of Salaries and payments for staff in many NGOs, expeacially the 'Elite' Colombo based National level NGOs. However, there has not been much discussion on these issues in either the public or state forums. The government keeps on following its 'anti NGO' stance, while some of the Opposition parties fuel the greater anti NGO drive.
This is the same with INGOs operating in Sri Lanka, and this is more evident in the Eastern Province where there is still a major presence of INGOs and Local NGOs. Rather than promoting a anti NGO rhetoric, the Government should look into establishing a Competent Authority or a NGO Regulator, thereby not only monitor what the NGOs do but also how they treat their staff.
During my time with a certain UN agency in Eastern Province during the post Tsunami reconstruction period, I have witnessed so many expatriates working in capacity of minor positions, ie-Accoutants/Logisticians etc, positions that can be easily filled by qualified and competent Sri Lankans. Most or, all most all Organisations don't have Local counterparts for high positions held by expatriates. And the access to facilities and benefits that are enjoyed by expatriates are far away from the reach of the Locals within Organisations.
In most of the Colombo based 'elite' class NGOs like the FoCEx, CHA, CPA and Berghoff, there is a particular group of people who consist the public face of these organisations. They also get all the benefits or at least the lion's share of benefits plus retaining the ability to undertake foreign travel (disguised as study visits/meetings/workshops etc) and other vide range of 'Civil Society' type activity.
Currently the NGO Secretariat of the Ministry of Social Services and the Centre for Non Governmental Sectors (CNGS) in Ministry of Finance handle all NGO matters particularly INGOs and big Local NGOs. Registation, visas and work permits are issued by or recommend by these two institutions. However, I'm not sure if any applicant has to neither justify any staff appointment nor account for the pay scales or benefits issued to the staff.
there has to be a uniformed structure ,may be a National Policy on NGOs , therefore not only the state and the public can keep tabs but also facilitate the good work of the NGOs in Sri Lanka.
I hope the Government and the State Structures act soon and not rather sit on their lazy rear sides to formulate some effective procedures and set up a structure to ensure the rights of the staff of NGOs and also ensure transparent and accountable manner in which the NGOs are managed.
this is the Article-here goes>
FEATURES
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Unethical hiring practices by NGOs in Sri Lanka
By Hemendra Fernando
Ever wondered why some of us can’t get a job in an NGO; especially in the old and established INGOs? This is a question that many qualified and experienced often ask. What is required to get hired into an NGO?
The writer conducted many interviews on this matter with current and ex INGO/LNGO staff and a range of applicants with diverse qualifications who continue to apply for specialized positions in INGOs/LNGOs. Often, an organization would place huge advertisements in the print media and the internet, advertising for various posts that require a very high standard of education and experience. However, when the selection is complete, it is rather interesting to know that the person who has bagged the job has merely a basic degree or in some cases just their secondary education only. On some occasions, positions are not advertised at all and backdoor recruitment takes place.
Many interviewees who are qualified (graduates, post graduate degree holders and those with doctorates) said of their experiences; that despite more than 30-40 attempts, their applications have never been acknowledged leave alone have an opportunity for an interview.
Most INGOs when interviewed declined to talk about their hiring practices perhaps because of the negative publicity and public opposition they already experience. Some senior officials point blank refuted any such malpractice in the hiring of staff while other senior managers feigned ignorance. The middle and junior personnel were afraid to commit themselves openly for fear of retribution.
A lady who worked as an assistant to the Human Resources manager of an INGO described how applications of qualified and experienced candidates are immediately thrown into the waste bin and unqualified persons are recruited via the back door. She related the story of how an unqualified yet highly connected lady who worked as an ‘Office Assistant’ (this position was previously referred to as Clerk) was later recruited into the INGO as an “Office manager” who subsequently became the designated ‘Program Officer’ for a very important National Project. She takes home a considerable LKR. 100,000 as salary.
The Human Resources lady acknowledged that this particular post was never advertised. In another instance, two PhD candidates who applied for specialized posts said that they were amused to be interviewed by persons with no more than just O/L qualifications.
Many INGO/LNGOs are supposed to be involved in a variety of activities ranging from conflict resolution, awareness raising programs, peace conferences, advocacy for women and child rights, human rights issues, legal aid, youth empowerment programs, community development, psychosocial support to micro-credit schemes and so on.
However, they lack the capacity in suitably skilled staff to manage the projects. The temptation for most NGOs is to first take the money, and thereafter worry about their actual ability to implement the projects. They often cling on to existing projects and engage in fragmented work just to satisfy donor funding requirements.
A country manager of an NGO was heard complaining that he is unable to get a project completed due to lack of competent staff. On further probing, he discovered that the reason for the dearth of talent in his organization was owing to the unscrupulous deeds of his own project manager/coordinator. There is speculation that the said Project Manager possibly is someone who has reached his maximum level of incompetence (Peter Principle- "In a hierarchy every employee tends to rise to his level of incompetence." Formulated by Dr. Laurence J. Peter) thus he feels uneasy in recruiting persons more qualified than him.
Projects funded by foreign aid always come with conditions imposed by the donor countries. What is surprising is that even these donor agencies show disinterest to investigate the reasons behind the lack of capacity and trained staff to be properly engaged with their projects. This has in turn created confusion amongst the public that INGO contributions do not have any practical impact.
Legally unauthorized personnel
There have been occasions when legally unsuitable persons have been recruited into INGOs. In one instance, a reputable INGO recruited a raw unregistered medical graduate, (with no internship and practice experience at all) to the important post of National Health Advisor. He was paid a very high salary. This person posed as a consultant doctor by having a photocopied hospital (cancer hospital, Maharagama) entry permit pasted on his car windscreen!! It’s shocking that he still operates “at large” escaping the Medical Council’s “Quacks catching net”.
The persons responsible for such unscrupulous and unethical hiring practices are the INGO/LNGO heads themselves. Higher level bosses of established INGOs pursue their own interests rather than national interests. The behaviour of some of them are worse than those in ‘spurious’ organizations that are formed to acquire donor funding. They lack total interest in inducting staff with exceptional skills. These bosses enjoy extravagant perks and are a breed of irresponsible spendthrifts. Developing countries with poverty and conflict is a fiesta for these mercenaries who fail to acknowledge that there is a cost to their extravagance.
This further contributes to the notion that foreign aid is associated with fraud, waste, and abuse and the main cause for the culture of corruption that pervades our society. These facts are even highlighted in an American Economic Review study by James Bovard. (http://www.lewrockwell.com/bovard/bovard13.html) Most interviewees confirm that aid money is used in unproductive ways and not towards real needs. They claim that although some aid money goes into projects, it has only brought about economic and social calamity rather than encouraging good governance and economic stability because NGO bosses fail to take practical decisions that are necessary for self-sustainable growth of the beneficiary.
Subcontracting mechanisms
Subcontracting mechanisms within NGO systems also cast doubts and is a process which is dubious. It is observed that when an NGO arrives in the country, politicians and other shady characters tag onto them. They then thrive on foreign money by obtaining highly inflated subcontracts. In one instance, a media and advertising campaign (AIDS Day 2004) was handed over to the niece of the office manager of an INGO. A sum close to six million rupees was granted for the poster and banner printing! Other printers quoted between 2-3 million for the same job. What was more surprising is how this very lady appeared at a UN workshop and talked about corruption of other INGOs! Another common occurrence is when powerful local staff members of various INGOs hire their houses for the use of INGOs using fake quotation procedures.
In Sri Lanka, the majority of the public perceive INGO activities as foreign intrusion and most such activities are closely monitored by various ethics groups. NGOs are playing a negative and irresponsible role that harms their reputation by encouraging unethical hiring practices.
Thus it is time for INGO/LNGOs to make a significant investment in organizational change and development. Ethical hiring practices require the change in mindsets of the donor agency and the INGO/LNGO. It is time for the big bosses to re-think their employment strategy and implement considerable organizational change if development and peace initiatives are to be taken seriously.
There are many qualified individuals trained in a range of disciplines much suitable for NGO activities. (Community development, Capacity building, peace-building health etc) These individuals must be absorbed into organizations in order to build integrated, highly knowledgeable multi-disciplinary teams. A few INGOs interviewed said that they have already started this process. The ethics groups will continue to monitor the code of conduct of all INGO/LNGOs.